Verb (क्रिया) - English Grammar

 

Verb (क्रिया)

कार्य का होना या प्रगति पर होना क्रिया कहलाती हैं।

The verb is a word that tells about the action being done by the person, and animal.

Example:

• He writes.

• She works.

The words like writes, works are action words, as they tell the action being done by the noun, hence these are called verbs.

A verb tells us:

व्यक्ति या वस्तु की स्थिति (What a person or thing is):

• This pen is useless.

• He feels sorry.

व्यक्ति या वस्तु के साथ क्या हो रहा हैं (What is done to a person or thing):

• The stick is broken.

• Food is eaten.

व्यक्ति या वस्तु क्या कर रहे हैं (What a person or thing does);

• He writes.

• Navendu plays.

Type of Verbs (क्रिया के प्रकार)

क्रिया के साथ कर्म के प्रयोग के आधार पर क्रिया के दो प्रकार होते हैं।

1. Transitive verb (सकर्मक क्रिया)

2. Intransitive verb (अकर्मक क्रिया)

1. Transitive verb (सकर्मक क्रिया) –

सकर्मक क्रिया वह हैं, जिसमें क्रिया कर्ता द्वारा कर्म पर स्थानान्तरित होती हैं, अर्थात् क्रिया का प्रभाव कर्म पर पड़ता हैं। ऐसी क्रियाओं के बाद हमेशा कर्म का प्रयोग किया जाता हैं।

a. Beat, contain, enjoy, hit, need तथा kick आदि क्रियाओं के बाद हमेशा कर्म प्रयोग में लाया जाता हैं।

Example:

• झंकार खाना खा रहा हैं।

  Jhankar is eating food.

उपरोक्त वाक्य में क्रिया खा रहाa हैं का प्रभाव खाना (भोजन)' पर पड़ रहा हैं, अतः क्रिया खा रहा हैं। सकर्मक क्रिया हैं।

b. कुछ क्रियाओं, जैसे - give, ask, offer, promise, and tell के साथ दो कर्म प्रयोग में लिये जाते हैं, इन्हें दुविकर्मक क्रिया कहते हैं।

Example:

• मैंने नवेन्दु को एक रुपया दिया।

  I gave Navendu a rupee.

उपरोक्त वाक्य में क्रिया दिया' के दो कर्म 'नवेन्दु' तथा 'एक रुपया' हैं। क्रिया का प्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव कर्म "एक रुपया पर पड़ता हैं, अतः यह प्रत्यक्ष कर्म ( direct object) कहलाता हैं, जबकि क्रिया का अप्रत्यक्ष प्रभाव कर्म 'नवेन्दु' पर पड़ता हैं, अतः यह अप्रत्यक्ष कर्म (indirect object) कहलाता हैं।

2. Intransitive verb (अकर्मक क्रिया) –

अकर्मक क्रिया वह हैं, जिसमें क्रिया कर्ता द्वारा कर्म पर स्थानान्तरित नही होती हैं, अर्थात् क्रिया का प्रभाव कर्म पर नही पड़ता हैं। ऐसी क्रियाओं के बाद कर्म का प्रयोग नही किया जाता हैं। ये क्रियायें केवल क्रिया (action), दशा (state), अवस्था (being) को ही दर्शाती हैं।

Come, go, fall, die, sleep, तथा lie आदि क्रियाओ के बाद कर्म का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता हैं।

Example:

• झंकार ने लम्बी दौड़ लगाई।

Jhankar ran a long distance. (Action)

• झंकार सो रहा हैं।

Jhankar is sleeping.      (State)

• एक दुर्घटना में राम की नजर चली गई।

Ram has lost his sight in an accident.(Being)

The different forms of the verbs are:

(a) 1st form (Also called present tense)

(b) 2nd form (Past tense)

(c) 3rd form (Deep past tense)

(d) Present participle

Forms of the verbs:

1st form (present tense)	2nd form (Past tense)	3rd form (Deep past tense)	Present Participle
Abuse	Abused	Abused	Abusing
Act	Acted	Acted	Acting
Advise	Advised	Advised	Advising
Agree	Agreed	Agreed	Agreeing
Appear	Appeared	Appeared	Appearing
Arise	Arose	Arisen	Arising
Arrange	Arranged	Arranged	Arranging
Attack	Attacked	Attacked	Attacking
Bear	Bore	Born	Bearing
Beat	Beat	Beaten	Beating
Become	Became	Became	Becoming
Beg	Begged	Begged	Begging
Begin	Began	Begun	Beginning
Believe	Believed	Believed	Believing
Bleed	Bled	Bled	Bleeding
Blow	Blew	Blown	Blowing
Borrow	Borrowed	Borrowed	Borrowing
Bring	Brought	Brought	Bringing
Build	Built	Built	Building
Buy	Bought	Bought	Buying
Call	Called	Called	Calling
Carry	Carried	Carried	Carrying
Catch	Caught	Caught	Catching
Change	Changed	Changed	Changing
Choose	Chose	Chosen	Choosing
Climb	Climbed	Climbed	Climbing
Collect	Collected	Collected	Collecting
Come	Come	Come	Coming
Cook	Cooked	Cooked	Cooking
Cut	Cut	Cut	Cutting
Dare	Dared	Dared	Daring
Decorate	Decorated	Decorated	Decorating
Defeat	Defeated	Defeated	Defeating
Die	Died	Died	Dying
Dig	Dug	Dug	Digging
Do	Did	Done	Doing
Draw	Drew	Drawn	Drawing
Dream	Dreamt	Dreamt	Dreaming
Drink	Drank	Drunk	Drinking
Drive	Drove	Driven	Driving
Earn	Earned	Earned	Earning
Eat	Ate	Eaten	Eating
Enjoy	Enjoyed	Enjoyed	Enjoying
Enter	Entered	Entered	Entering
Entertain	Entertained	Entertained	Entertaining
Explain	Explained	Explained	Explaining
Face	Faced	Faced	Facing
Fall	Fell	Fallen	Falling
Fill	Filled	Filled	Filling
Find	Found	Found	Finding
Finish	Finished	Finished	Finishing
Float	Floated	Floated	Floating
Fly	Flew	Flown	Flying
Get	Got	Got	Getting
Give	Gave	Given	Giving
Go	Went	Gone	Going
Grant	Granted	Granted	Granting
Grow	Grew	Grown	Growing
Happen	Happened	Happened	Happening
Has/Have	Had	Had	Having
Hate	Hated	Hated	Hating
Hear	Heard	Heard	Hearing
Hide	Hid	Hidden	Hiding
Hit	Hit	Hit	Hitting
Hunt	Hunted	Hunted	Hunting
Hurt	Hurt	Hurt	Hurting
Injure	Injured	Injured	Injuring
Invite	Invited	Invited	Inviting
Issue	Issued	Issued	Issuing
Join	Joined	Joined	Joining
Jump	Jumped	Jumped	Jumping
Keep	Kept	Kept	Keeping
Kick	Kicked	Kicked	Kicking
Kill	Killed	Killed	Killing
Know	Knew	Known	Knowing
Land	Lent	Lent	Lending
Lay	Laid	Laid	Laying
Learn	Learnt	Learnt	Learning
Leave	Left	Left	Leaving
Look	Looked	Looked	Looking
Lose	Lost	Lost	Losing
Make	Made	Made	Making
Meet	Met	Met	Meeting
Melt	Melted	Melted	Melting
Miss	Missed	Missed	Missing
Move	Moved	Moved	Moving
Need	Needed	Needed	Needing
Notice	Noticed	Noticed	Noticing
Obey	Obeyed	Obeyed	Obeying
Open	Opened	Opened	Opening
Oppose	Opposed	Opposed	Opposing
Pay	Paid	Paid	Paying
Plant	Planted	Planted	Planting
Play	Played	Played	Playing
Please	Pleased	Pleased	Pleasing
Pray	Prayed	Prayed	Praying
Promise	Promised	Promised	Promising
Push	Pushed	Pushed	Pushing
Quarrel	Quarreled	Quarreled	Quarrelling
Rain	Rained	Rained	Raining
Reach	Reached	Reached	Reaching
Read	Read	Read	Reading
Receive	Received	Received	Receiving
Refuse	Refused	Refused	Refusing
Request	Requested	Requested	Requesting
Resign	Resigned	Resigned	Resigning
Run	Ran	Ran	Running
Save	Saved	Saved	Saving
Say	Said	Said	Saying
See	Saw	Seen	Seeing
Shake	Shook	Shaken	Shaking
Shoot	Shot	Shot	Shooting
Show	Showed	Shown	Showing
Sit	Sat	Sat	Sitting
Sleep	Slept	Slept	Sleeping
Spend	Spent	Spent	Spending
Sweep	Swept	Swept	Sweeping
Swim	Swam	Swam	Swimming
Swing	Swung	Swung	Swinging
Take	Took	Talked	Taking
Talk	Talked	Talked	Talking
Teach	Taught	Taught	Teaching
Tear	Tore	Torn	Tearing
Tell	Told	Told	Telling
Think	Thought	Thought	Thinking
Walk	Walked	Walked	Walking
Write	Wrote	Written	Writing

Agreement of Verb with the Subject

इसका शाब्दिक अर्थ होता हैं – ‘कर्ता व क्रिया की अनुरूपता'। अर्थात् वाक्यों में कर्ता के अनुसार क्रिया का प्रयोग किया जाता हैं।

Person	Present tense	Past tense	Future tense
1st person	am have V-1st do not	was had V-2nd did not	shall
We	are have V-1st do not	were had V-2nd did not	shall
2nd person   You	are have V-1st do not	were had V-2nd did not	will
3rd Person He and Singular noun	is has V-1st (s /es) does not	was had V-2nd did not	will
She	Is has V-1st (s /es) does not	Was had V-2nd did not	will
It	Is has V-1st (s /es) does not	Was had V-2nd did not	will
They And Plural noun	are have V-1st do not	were had V-2nd did not	will

1. एकवचन कर्ता के साथ एकवचन क्रिया तथा बहुवचन कर्ता के साथ बहुवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं।

• Navendu is an innocent boy.

• They are innocent boys.

2. यदि दो संज्ञा (noun) या सर्वनाम (pronoun) and से जुड़े हो तो उनके साथ बहुवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं।

• Navendu and Jhankar are innocent boys.

• Ram and Rahim are good friends.

परन्तु यदि एक ही व्यक्ति या वस्तु के लिए प्रयोग में आये हो तो and से जुड़े होने पर भी एकवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं।

• The controller and principle was there in the meeting. (both are same person)

• My brother and my guide are going with me. (both are different person)

3. यदि दो noun परस्पर and से जुड़ कर एक ही भाव व्यक्त करे तो उनके साथ एकवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं।

• Milk and porridge is my favorite breakfast.

• Pen and paper is my daily life.

• Slow and steady wins the race.

4. यदि दो कर्ता or, nor, either...or या neither ..nor से जुड़े हो तो क्रिया दूसरे वाले कर्ता के अनुसार प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं।

• Either Ram or Rahim has completed it.

• Navendu or his friends are taking part in cultural event.

5. यदि कर्ता से पहले each, every, no one, none of, either of आदि हो तो एकवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं। तथा दो संज्ञाएँ each या every के साथ and से जुड़े हो तो भी एकवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं।

• Each boy is doing his work.

• None of the boys has solved this question.

• Each boy and each girl was given a banana.

6. यदि बहुवचन संज्ञा के साथ एकचवन कर्ता प्रयोग में लाया जाये तो एकवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लेते हैं।

• Each of the brothers is honest.

• Neither of the students was sincere.

• The quantity of fruits is not much.

7. यदि many के बाद एकवचन कर्ता हो तो एकवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लेते हैं, तथा बाद बहुवचन कर्ता हो तो बहुवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लेते हैं।

• Many boys were failed in math

• Many a boy was enjoying the picnic.

8. यदि समूहवाचक (collective noun) किसी पूरे समूह का बोध कराये तो उसके साथ एकवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग होता हैं, और यदि समूह के विभिन्न सदस्यों का बोध कराये बहुवचन क्रिया का प्रयोग होता हैं।

• A herd of cattle is passing

• The committee was agreed on the matter.

• The soldiers were rewarded for their bravery.

9. कुछ संज्ञाएँ जो बहुवचन दिखती हैं, परन्तु एकवचन होती हैं, के साथ एकवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं।

जैसे - News, Physics, wages, means, ains, assets, innings politics

• The news is true.

• Physics is difficult to read.

10. कुछ संज्ञाएँ जो एकवचन दिखती हैं, परन्तु बहुवचन होती हैं, के साथ बहुवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं। जैसे - cattle, people, vermin, dozen, police

• Many people were killed in riot.

• The police have arrested the terrorist.

11. यदि दो कर्ता as well a5, along with, with, together with, in addition to से जुड़े हो तो प्रथम कर्ता के अनुसार क्रिया का चयन किया जाता हैं।

• A lady along with her children is sitting there on the seat.

• You as well as Ramesh are going there.

12. यदि कर्ता none हो तो एकवचन या बहुवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जा सकती।

• None is / are waiting for you

13. वाक्य में संज्ञा के साथ most के प्रयोग के आधार पर क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं। यदि वस्तु का अधिकांश भाग most द्वारा दर्शाया जाये तो क्रिया एकवचन तथा most द्वारा कई वस्तुओं का बोध हो तो क्रिया बहुवचन प्रयोग में लाई जाती ।

• Most of the area has been covered by Indian army.

• Most of the students have completed their homework.

14. It के साथ प्रायः एकवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं।

• It is very funny.

• It is Ram who is my friend.

15. वाक्य में there के प्रयोग के आधार पर क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं। यदि there का प्रयोग एक वस्तु के लिए हुआ हो तो क्रिया एकवचन तथा there का प्रयोग कई वस्तुओं के लिए किया गया हो तो बहुवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती ।

• There is no good law college in my town.

• There are a large number of spectators in the stadium.

16. Nothing but के बाद आने वाली संज्ञा चाहे एकवचन हो चाहे बहुवचन, उसके बाद हमेशा एकवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं।

• Nothing but players was seen there.

• Nothing but flowers is grown there.

17. जब किसी बहुवचन संज्ञा का प्रयोग समूहवाचक के रूप में होता हो तो उसके बाद में एकवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं।

• Two kilometers is not a big distance.

• Hundred rupees is only I want for this.

18. A pair of, a couple of, a group of, a bunch of, a fleet of, a flock of के बाद बहुवचन संज्ञा प्रयोग में ली जाती हैं, परन्तु क्रिया एकवचन प्रयोग में लेते हैं।

• This pair of shoes is durable for me.

• A bunch of flowers was given to me.

19. Noun phrase तथा noun clause के साथ एकवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं।

• What you told is not good for you.

• To take a morning walk is good habit.

20. a number of, a lot of, a great deal of, plenty of, both of ,several के बाद बहुवचन क्रिया प्रयोग में लाई जाती हैं।

• Lots of people were killed in riot.